The Most Incredibly Neglected Answer for Mpa Essay Samples

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Research Paper on Health Topics

Research Paper on Health TopicsWhen writing a research paper, you will need to cover a wide range of topics. These topics include but are not limited to, health topics. You will need to write a research paper that covers health topics.One of the first things that you need to be aware of when writing a research paper on health topics is that it is important to go beyond just reporting facts. You will need to tell your story in as much detail as possible. It is important to write your own story. The purpose of your research paper is to tell others about your life and why it is important to you.If you are writing about a topic that relates to health, then you will want to focus on giving the reader as much information as possible. In fact, if you are writing about a topic that does not relate to health, you will want to focus on your own research interests. This will give you greater insight into the topic. However, if the topic relates to health, you will want to get as much informatio n out there as possible so that others can learn from your experience.Before you start writing a research paper on health topics, you will want to consider the context of the topic. For example, if you are writing a research paper on what you ate for breakfast and lunch, you should talk about your opinion and why you believe what you believe. However, if you are writing a research paper on the importance of a particular health topic, you will want to have an objective opinion that is based on your research and knowledge. Therefore, you will want to add your opinion to the actual research.Another thing that you should consider when writing a research paper on health topics is that you want to be sensitive to all groups that may be in the same situation as you are. No matter what your position is, there will be people that are in the same position as you. Therefore, you need to be aware of their opinions. Additionally, no matter what your position is, there will be others that are in the same position as you. Therefore, you will want to be sensitive to their opinions.The way that you write a research paper on health topics will depend on whether or not you are writing a review or an analysis. However, you can take many of the things that you learned in either class or lecture and apply them to other situations. There are many examples of this. Therefore, you should learn from other sources.Additionally, writing a research paper on health topics will be a project that you will want to complete on your own. However, when it comes to writing a research paper on health topics, there are several different sources that you can get help from. Additionally, you can also get a number of free resources that will help you with the writing process.Writing a research paper on health topics is not that hard. It is important to understand the different ways that you can approach the topic. However, you should understand the different sources that you can use. This is the only way that you will be able to get the results that you want.

Examples of College Essay Topics

Examples of College Essay TopicsEssay topics can be anything that you wish to write about. For example, you can have an essay about your favorite book or movie. You could also have a conversation piece with no particular topic at all, or a little bit of everything about anything.There are several different types of essays that you can write based on your examples of college essay topics. For example, you could write about family vacations, family adventures, or a funny story that you have heard from others. This is often what people who are planning on writing a college essay have in mind when they start brainstorming ideas.One of the most common examples of college essay topics would be something that you personally experienced and then write an essay about that. Your example of how you felt the first time you laid eyes on a certain city, or the first time you ate in a particular restaurant, might also be a good example for you to consider. You could always include some information about the city or restaurant when you do your examples of college essay topics.An example of your own first sight of a city, for example, could be where you were visiting and happened upon an architectural landmark. Perhaps you had seen it from the street and wondered where it was located, or maybe it was you who talked about it to a friend. Regardless of whether you got to see it or not, you will definitely be able to provide some examples of your own when you talk about your essay.Another type of essay topic that you could use to describe a topic is something that you had heard about, or that you were personally involved in. For example, you could describe the very first time you ran into an old friend that you had not seen for years, and how that kind of memory has helped you in your career. In this case, you would probably find some interesting ways that you could include that memory and make it part of your examples of college essay topics.Another of the examples of college ess ay topics that you could use would be a personal experience, either positive or negative. For example, you could describe an experience that was not what you wanted it to be, but you did not stop to think that it could be a learning experience. The lessons learned from this experience could be included in your examples of college essay topics when you talk about them.When you write your examples of college essay topics, make sure that you include everything that you can think of to provide you with the fullest feeling. Remember that this is just an example of what you would write about, and that you would be writing about your own experiences. It is much more important that you have an excellent essay than to have the best.

Cultural Critique- Racism - 803 Words

Brelyn E. Finley English 102.007 12- 12:50PM April 7, 2011 Professor Jackson Cultural Critique Unfortunately, in this time and age, racism continues to be an issue in the American society, especially in the south. Since the introduction of slavery, many people have the belief that skin color determines someone’s ranking in life. After the freedom of slaves, racism became a big problem in America. As a result, other races look down upon many different cultures and ethnic groups believing that they are superior to others. Racism has lead to people discriminate against one another and become prejudice. Unfortunately, racism effects peoples lifestyles, job opportunities, and education. Racism affects a person’s lifestyle. Unfortunately,†¦show more content†¦Many people have caused self-harm to themselves and others due to racism. People carry racism to their job place, and other places creating an uneasy and negative atmosphere. Racism has shaped America into what it is today. Without racism, people would not be as strong as they are today, with thicker skin for words. Comparing people’s treatment of now to the treatment of who endured racism, the negativity is nowhere near as harsh. Racism has also caused many people to love themselves even more. There is currently a new trend of people becoming excited by their â€Å"haters;† and instead of allowing it to hurt them, they use it for motivation. America has been negatively impacted by racism. It has caused negative changes in people’s lifestyle, job opportunities, and education. Due to the negative influences of racism, people have gone into deep depressions. People have succumb to depression because they are constantly discriminated against inside and outside the work force, they have to constantly over compensate and compete for jobs with people of different races, people are called out of their name, and are being miseducated by the educational system. 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His best examples of cultural blending happening, and indeed being a positive thing, is when he compares the attitude of xenophobes to those of the actual colonial-era Puritans, who were a stunningly brutal people. Reed’s examples of the failings of other societies that attemptedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Night Of The Living Dead 1005 Words   |  5 Pages There has been a resurgence of zombie films in the last decade, ranging from Danny Boyles 28 Days Later to Paul W.S. Andersons Resident Evil. This renaissance of zombie cinema has resurfaced in resp onse to the cultural, political, and social volatility experienced in today’s society, much like its predecessors. A zombie film, unlike other monster movies, plays more with the real-world fears and anxieties, presenting the audience with inescapable realities. However, to understand why this subgenreRead MorePostmodern American Artist s Cindy Sherman And Kara Walker Critique And Question Grand Narratives Of Gender, Race And1164 Words   |  5 PagesPostmodern American artist’s Cindy Sherman and Kara Walker critique and question grand narratives of gender, race and class through their work and art practice. Cindy Sherman, born 1954, is well renowned for her conceptual portraits of female characters and personas that question the representation of women, gender identity and the true (or untrue) nature of photography (Hattenstone 2011). Kara Walker, born 1969, is known for her black silhouettes that dance across gallery walls and most recently

Customer Experience Management for Fast-Food-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCustomer Experience Management for Fast-Food Industry. Answer: Introduction- According to Klaus and Maklan (2013), consumer experience related study has now replaced quality to become the main focus for the contemporary marketing research. They have argued the service quality is an outdated version now. Companies prefer doing research works on the consumer experience. They now prefer more to go with the responses they get. The consequence of such process might not bring quality products in market as there are ample of examples are available in the market. There is a particular segment that prefers buying cheaper product despite the fact that it is low in quality (Thuijsman, 2017). As opined by Mihart (2012), the rising competition in the market has encouraged firms to go for extensive research works on the factors that influence the purchasing. The contemporary business strategies are not to sell the trademark product of a firm but it has rather shifted to satisfying the customer needs. Firms manufacture products according to the needs of customers. Additiona lly, they target a particular market segment based on their area of interest, which is developed through the information they derive on the consumer purchasing behavior (Paul Rana, 2012). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze the buying behavior of selected customers for fast-foods. Brief description of fast-food industry and of the chosen organizations- Fast-food industry- Despite the challenges that the fast-food industry has faced in recent time, it has successfully maintained its business progression. Although, the last few years have forced them to think more of sustainability but still, they are able to sell their products with minimal adjustment in the quality of food. As per the report submitted by the World Economic Forum in 2017, it was made clear that there is a need to think of healthy and nutritional food environment. However, this is indeed a challenge because of the behavior that majority of customers have for fast-foods. They have not shown enough resilient against the identified threats of fast-foods (weforum.org, 2017). Chosen organizations- McDonalds- It is an American fast-food chain. It is one of the rarest companies that have successfully expanded their business into the different international markets. It has followed Uppsala model to move to various global platform sequentially (Yeu et al., 2012). KFC- It is another American fast-food restaurant chain. In very few times, it has garnered huge success in the different parts of world. It is only next to McDonald in terms of globally expanded restaurant chains. It is specifically popular for fried chicken (HUSSAIN, 2014). Discussing the consumer behavior of the chosen customers- 1st customer- Name - Olivia - A smart lady Behaviors - Love fast-foods - Prefer pricing of the product - Prefer infrastructure as well - Likes to have vegetarian foods Demographics - 35-40 years old - Female - Business lady - Economics major Needs/goals - Wants to be recognized - Loves to have fast-foods very frequently - Engaging with humans 2nd customer- Name - William - A good personality man Behaviors - Prefer going to fast-food centre in weekend - Decide by brand name - Love to have fast-foods that are also nutritional Demographics - 38-42 years old - Male - Works in a private company - Human Resource major Needs/goals - Wants to be busy with his busy office schedules - Love to visit the restaurant with the entire family - Want to be energetic 3rd customer- Name - Group of people in particular the Millennial - Teenagers Behaviors - Love to enjoy foods outside - Prefer going to any of the fast-food brands Demographics - less than 30 years old - Millennial boys girls - They all study in different universities Needs/goals - They want to become rich - Need money to support their needs financially 4th customer- Name - Zoe - Beautiful lady Behaviors - Like to spend some time outside - Outing also includes visiting to an accessible fast-food restaurant Demographics - 35-38 years old - Home owned business - Business major Needs/goals - Want to become very social - Want to become a successful business lady 5th customer- Name - Jack - Smart person Behaviors - Very much dependent on fast-foods - Prefer going to any fast-food restaurant in the weekends - Has a very good understanding skill of food quality Demographics - 38-40 years - Works in a private firm - Humanity major Needs/goals - Want to become a successful entrepreneur - Need more money to support his personal needs Olivia was the first customer with whom the interview was conducted. The interview results are in the appendix section of this task. Olivia loves to have fast-foods but she is also very specific with the pricing. She conducts a research online before she decides to move to the destination. She picks her choice of destination based on the pricing standards. She also prefers having vegetarian foods. This is how she constructs her journey to the selected destination. William was the second customer. He gives utmost importance to weekends. He visits to any of the fast-food brand with his entire family once in a week. He gives values to the nutritional foods; however, he is not very strict with it. He can also have fast-foods that are not nutritional. Pricing does not matter to him. Group of People below 30 years of age are the third category of customer. They love to have fast-foods. They love eating foods outside. They prefer going to popular brands. They are highly addicted to fast-foods. However, they are low in cash as most of them are still in universities. Zoe was the fourth customer with whom the interview was conducted. She loves spending some spare time outside with its families. Such outing does also include visiting to a fast-food outlet. She is very brand specific. Jack was the last customer with whom the interview was conducted. Jack is very cool and handsome. He depends a lot on fast-foods. He often visits to fast-food outlet. Notably, he has got a very good understanding skill of fast-foods. Methodology Generating data using the selected customer group and the customers- The data will be generated using the findings of the interviews conducted with the selected list of customers. Moreover, this will also include the existing customer data, which will be available through useful articles on consumer journey. The interview questions will be found in the appendix section of this assignment. Mapping the selected customer journey- Customer journey of Jack- Jack is very passionate for fast-foods. He frequently visits to fast-foods restaurant in the weekends. He has been to McDonald quite a few times. He now decided to visit the nearest KFC restaurant. Following are his experiences: Before- He was very excited as it was his first ever visit to KFC. During- He had fried chickens there. He was sitting cool and enjoying his food. After- He returned back with some mixed reactions. He liked the ambience there but he actually did not like the taste. He was expecting a bit different. However, he appreciated the service quality. Customer journey of Olivia- Olivia loves eating outside as well in the weekends. However, she is price specific. She loves to have vegetarian foods. She decided to visit to McDonald as it offers vegetarian products at a comparatively lesser price. Before- She was expecting that she will be treated by the worlds most loved brands. During- She felt good while having the food. After- She returned back with smile on her face. She actually liked the foods. Customer journey of people below 30 years of age- Before- They decided to move to KFC as they love chicken. Moreover, KFC is popular for fried chicken. During- They actually loved the foods. After- They returned back happily and already planned to visit the centre again. Analysis- Competitor analysis based on data derived from the interview and the some existing data- Each of the three respondents have different thought process altogether, which is why they picked up their choice of food centre accordingly. KFC received one negative review from Jack. This is quite notably as well because Jack has a very good understanding of the fast-foods. On contrary to this, the Millennial have liked a lot their outing in the KFC. They have liked the fried chicken offered there at the KFC. On the other hand, Olivia visited to McDonald because she is vegetarian and also price specific. This is why she decided to visit to McDonald. She actually found this valuable. She liked the taste and also the customer service. The interview data has found three important factors that initiate a customer journey to a fast-food restaurant. Those three factors are brand value, pricing of food and the choice of food. Wibowo Tielung (2016) have also supported some of the findings of the interview. According to the author, McDonald is the most preferred fast-food chain. They have also confirmed that price is the most preferred criteria when it comes to select the choice of fast-food restaurant. These findings have actually matched the interview data. Boparai (2016), argued that McDonald is not good at offering the vegetarian items. The research conducted on two restaurants in India. The research did produce some strange results. McAloo Tikki Burger, which is for vegetarians, was largely disliked by the respondents those who took part in the survey. Instead, they liked Mc Chicken Burger much. This is again contradicting with the decision making process of Olivia who decided to visit to KFC just because it is good at offering non-veggie items. Xin (2015) has supported the views Jack by going with McDonald in terms of food taste. The author has found no other differences. The main decisive factor is taste, which is better in McDonald. Findings- The interview conducted with the selected customers and the research conducted on the available articles on fast-food restaurants have helped immensely in finding out the two decisive factors. The two factors that differentiate between McDonald and KFC are mainly the pricing of food and quality of taste. Customers have rated McDonald better in terms of food taste (Hanratty et al., 2012). However, there are many such customers who are price specific like Olivia was. There is actually a fight of pricing strategies in some regions such as in the Asian countries. They prefer going to the cheapest brand. Apart from taste, it is also necessary to offer competitive pricings for the different kinds of foods (Sharma Garg, 2013). The findings of the interviews with the selected customers do also provide solid evidences in favor of a fact that competitiveness is hugely required in the fast-food industry. Both the McDonald and KFC need to work hard on the relevant strengths and weaknesses in or der to stay competitive in the market. Conclusion- The study has used primary resources in the form of interviews with the three selected customers and the secondary resources as well to understand the decisive factors that influence the purchasing of fast-foods. The interview data has suggested that different factors that different customer use while preparing for a target fast-food restaurant chain. They look for the pricing of food as they are specific to pricing. They look for brand value as well because they feel they will be treated there warmly. They look for the choice of foods as well because there are some who do not want to have non-veggie items. It is also the habit of many to visit to a popular and trusted fast-food brand in their weekends. There are some as well who is a frequent visitor of fast-food restaurants. Irrespective of the findings of the interviews and the secondary resources, it is evident that people love visiting to the fast-food restaurant. However, the report of World Economic Forum has given some otherw ise expectation from the fast-food industry in the future ahead. There are few who have become conscious learners of nutritional foods. It is therefore necessary for both the McDonald and KFC to promote sustainability in their food items. This is the only way those companies will be able to enjoy a sustainable run. References Boparai, U. S. (2016).CONSUMERS PERCEPTION FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF MCDONALDS AND ITS SUPPLY CHAIN IN VARANASI DISTRICT OF UP(Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi). Hanratty, B., Milton, B., Ashton, M., Whitehead, M. (2012). McDonalds and KFC, it's never going to happen: the challenges of working with food outlets to tackle the obesogenic environment.Journal of Public Health,34(4), 548-554. HUSSAIN, S. (2014). The impact of sensory branding (five senses) on consumer: A case study on KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken).International Journal of Research in Business Management,2(5), 2347-4572. Klaus, P., Maklan, S. (2013). Towards a better measure of customer experience. Mihart, C. (2012). Impact of integrated marketing communication on consumer behaviour: effects on consumer decisionmaking process.International Journal of Marketing Studies,4(2), 121. Paul, J., Rana, J. (2012). Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of consumer Marketing,29(6), 412-422. Sharma, M., Garg, S. (2013). Functional Foods: Marketing HealthTo Modern India.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,2(5). Thuijsman, T. (2017).Bridging the gap between service expectations-and service perceptions of customers-Conducting a gap-analysis at IVM using the SERVQUAL-method(Master's thesis, University of Twente). weforum.org (2017).Shaping the Future of Global Food Systems: A Scenarios Analysis. [online] weforum.org. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/shaping-the-future-of-global-food-systems-a-scenarios-analysis [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Wibowo, S. W., Tielung, M. (2016). ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) APPROACH ON CONSUMER PREFERENCE IN FRANCHISE FAST FOOD RESTAURANT SELECTION IN MANADO CITY (Study at: McDonalds, KFC, and AW).JURNAL RISET EKONOMI, MANAJEMEN, BISNIS DAN AKUNTANSI,4(2). Xin, G. (2015). The Study of Brand Choice Decision of Top 3 Global Brand Quick Serviced Restaurant (KFC, McDonalds, Burger King) in Bangkok. Yeu, C. S., Leong, K. C., Tong, L. C., Hang, S., Tang, Y., Bashawir, A., Subhan, M. (2012). A comparative study on international marketing mix in China and India: The case of McDonald's.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,65, 1054-1059.

An exploration of the reason organisations adopt information systems strategy The WritePass Journal

An exploration of the reason organisations adopt information systems strategy INTRODUCTION An exploration of the reason organisations adopt information systems strategy INTRODUCTIONINFORMATION SYSTEM STRATEGYREASONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM STRATEGY1. Operational excellence2. New products and services3. Customer and supplier Intimacy4. Competitive Advantage4.1) Porter’s Competitive Forces Model1. Rivalry among existing firm2. New Entrants in market3. Substitute Products and Services4. Customer’s power5. Supplier’s Powers4.2) Porter’s Generic theory 1. Cost Leadership2. Product Differentiation3. FocusMultiple Methodology FrameworksTop-downBottom-upInside-OutFlaws in Earl’s MethodologiesExternal Drivers that Influence IS Strategy1. Competition1.1)   YANSHA Leans on IS to Stay Competitive2. Deregulation2.1) 7-Eleven Japan Company3. Changing nature of Customer3.1) KROGER COMPANY3.2) BARNEYS NEW YORK4. Emerging technologies4.1)   Sainsbury5. Transformation of Business Enterprise5.1)   World BankBibliographyRelated INTRODUCTION The information systems play a critical role in managing market logistics, especially computer, point-of-sale terminals, uniform product bar codes, satellite tracking, electronic data interchange EDI, and electronic funds transfer EFT, these developments have shortened the order-cycle time, reduced clerical labour, reduced the error rate in documents, and provided improved control of operations. They have enabled companies to make a promise such as â€Å"the product will be at dock 25 at 10:00 am tomorrow,† and control that promise through information. Keeping in view of above significance of information system, the report has been designed to explore and outlined the reason of organization adopting information system strategy and what is information system strategy. Also using multiple methodology frameworks that assist in devising IS strategy. At the end of this report the six external drivers are listed in connection with real world example to understand how they influenced on IS strategies. INFORMATION SYSTEM STRATEGY The definition of IS strategy is formulation of approaches and planning needed to deploy information systems resources to support organizational strategy. The definition of development of information systems strategy is usually encompasses the areas of how information systems will be used to support an organization’s strategy. Support means creation of strategic of IS with organization strategy. Impact implies a role for IS in generating opportunities for an organization to gain competitive advantage. A strategy which covers both these facets is that of Dohertty et 999), who describe IS strategy development as The IS strategy is a process of identifying a portfolio of computer-based to be implemented, which is both highly aligned with corporate strategy and create an advantage over competitors. An information systems strategy brings together the business aims and understanding of the information needed to support those aims, and the of computer systems to provide that information. Irrespective, of any definition the main theme of information system is to establish strategy to provide best and timely service to their consumers in order to increase the wealth of shareholders. The emphasis of information systems strategy is on delivering a portfolio of appropriate software tools and systems that support the future direction of an organization and achieve advantage for the organization (Strategic objectives). Furthermore, the IS strategy also determines the quality of services delivered end-users. (BODDY, BOONSTRA, KENNEDY, 2002) REASONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM STRATEGY The reasons organization heavily invest to generate its information system is to achieve six important business objectives. These objectives can be outlined as Operational excellence New products/services Business model Customer and supplier intimacy Improved decision making Competitive advantage And survival 1. Operational excellence The ultimate objective of every organization is to maximize the wealth of shareholders. The information system provide efficient mean to optimize the production and operations capability for the business. Also some time it needs to change the way organization conducting its business and management attitude. There are many success stories of those who plan strategically to implement information system and bring fundamental results due to this implementation. For example, Wal-Mart being as a largest retailer gains sales more than $348 billion in sales during 2007, which was 1/10 of total retail sales in US. The Wal-Mart achieved that hallmark by linking digitally its retail store system with the suppliers, so when the customer purchased items, the bar code link identified the suppliers about outflow and demand of certain product and suppliers timely replenish the stock. 2. New products and services The information system enables organization about the trend of new product or services. The demand can be evaluated of competitors product and then it is matched with the market to assess there is any need of copy cat product. Such as the music industry is no longer like it was in 2000. The exuberant demand permits the Apple Company to innovate new products with different styles. 3. Customer and supplier Intimacy The customers intimacy can be gauged by their frequency of repurchase, the often they come to buy the goods or receive the services the more they generate revenue for the organization. The suppliers relationship can be evaluated in the same way, if there are few suppliers and all are given confirm order or tie them with contract, the more they will deliver quality raw materials. Take the example of hotels business, they are using computers to keep track of guests preferences, such as their preferred room temperature, check in time, frequently dialled telephone numbers, and television programs, and store these data in a giant data repository, individual rooms in the hotels are networked to a central network server computer so that they can be remotely monitored or controlled. When these guests arrived to the hotel, the system automatically changes the room conditions, such as dimming the lights, setting the room temperature, or selecting appropriate music, based on the customer’s digital profile. Through, extensive use of IT, hotel can carry out their customer profitability analysis and can adequately determine those customers that are providing high revenue. 4. Competitive Advantage When organization outperform its competitors in terms of operation, new product development, services, and establishing business model, customer intimacy and last but not least in decision making process, then they are well ahead from their competitors. Through establishing IS strategy many organization prominently Toyota successfully eliminate waste, adopt continuous improvement, and optimizing customer value. The IS help to build effective supply and lean management system. Let discuss in detail that crucial aspect of IS strategy, The models which will help us to how to determine and evaluate of competitive advantage in terms of IS strategy’s are Porter’s Competitive Forces and Generic theory. 4.1) Porter’s Competitive Forces Model The most widely used mode for understanding competitive advantage is Michael Porter’s Competitive forces model. This model provides a general view of the firm, its competitors, and the firm environment. These are Rivalry among existing firm New Entrants in market Substitute product in market Supplier’s Power Buyer’s Power 1. Rivalry among existing firm All firms share market space with other competitors who are continuously devising new, more efficient ways to produce by introducing new products and services, and attempting to attract customers by developing their brands and imposing switching costs on their customers. 2. New Entrants in market The new arrival in market often gets kick start its business using several of IT and IS help. In mature market, when there is already fierce competition going on the tool that new entrants can use to get itself introduce to the customers are gaining economy of scale by spreading its fixed cost to the number of units or/and adopting learning curve. The state of the art designed IS can monitor the movement of learning curve that will help management in their decision making process. 3. Substitute Products and Services In a competitive market, there are several substitutes product each addressing different customers market need. New technologies create new substitutes all the time. To make the product more distinct and attractable organization need often to change its features and packaging to keep the product up to date. 4. Customer’s power The theory’s regarding customers retention has been getting enhanced day by day. The new theory related to customers are customer relationship management, which emphasis on keep the existing customers rather than deploying resources to attract the new one. In that sense, the power of the customer grows if they can easily switch to a competitor’s products and services, or if they can force a business and its competitors to compete on price alone in a transparent marketplace where there is little product differentiation, and all prices are known instantly through internet. 5. Supplier’s Powers The supplier’s power has huge impact on organization profitability. If there are few suppliers operating in the market the power of suppliers might be high and they would be in the position to convince the organization with their terms and condition. However, if there are many or diversified suppliers in the market, the greater control organization would have to exercise over suppliers in terms of price, quality, and delivery schedules. For instance, manufacturers of laptop PCs almost always have multiple competing suppliers of key components, such as keyboards, hard drives, and display screens. 4.2) Porter’s Generic theory There are four generic strategise, each of which often is enabled by using information technology and system: low-cost leadership, product differentiation, focus on market niche, and strengthening customer and supplier intimacy. These are Cost leadership Product leadership Focus 1. Cost Leadership The use of information system to achieve the lowest operational cost and lowest prices is goal of almost every organization. The classic example is Wal-Mart. By keeping prices low and shelves well stocked using a legendary inventory replenishment system, Wal-Mart became the leading retail business in the United States. Wal-Mart’s continuous replenishment system sends orders for new merchandise directly to suppliers as soon as consumers pay for their purchases at the cash register. Point-of-sale terminals record the bar code of each item passing the checkout counter and send a purchase transaction directly to a central computer at Wal-Mart headquarters. The computer collects the orders from all Wal-Mart stores and transmits them to suppliers. Suppliers can also access Wal-Mart’s sales and inventory data using web technology. Due to efficient use of IS by Wal-Mart they do not need to maintain large inventories of goods in its own warehouse, which cause greater cost of order and holding the inventories, because the system replenishes inventory with lightning speed. 2. Product Differentiation Those organizations that are charging high prices for their product need always modify their product to keep the product in the eyes of customers. For instance, Google continuously introduces new and unique search services on its web site, such as Google Maps. By purchasing PayPal, an elector nice payment system in 2003, eBay made it much easier for customers to pay sellers and expanded use of its auction marketplace. Apple created iPod, a unique portable digital music player, plus a unique online Web music service where songs can be purchased for 99 cents. Continuing to innovate, Apple recently introduced a portable iPod video player and music-playing cell phone. Manufacturers and retailers are starting to use information systems to create products and services that are customized and personalized to fit the precise specification of individual customers. Dell Inc. sells directly to customers using assemble-to-order manufacturing. Individuals, businesses, and government agencies can buy computers directly from Dell’s production control receives an order, it directs an assembly plant to assemble the computer using components from an on-site warehouse based on the configuration specified by the customer. 3. Focus Using information systems to enable a specific market focus, and serve this narrow target market better than competitors. Information systems support this strategy by producing and analyzing data for finely tuned sales and marketing techniques. Information system enable companies to analyze customer buying patterns, tastes and preferences closely so that they efficiently pitch advertising and marketing campaigns to smaller and smaller target markets. The data come from a range of sources-credit card transaction, demographic data purchase data from checkout counter scanners at supermarkets and retail stores, and data collected when people access and interact with Web sites. Sophisticated software tools find patterns in these large pools of data and infer rules from them that can be used to guide decision making. Analysis of such data drives one-to-one marketing where personal messages can be created based on individualized preference. For example, Hilton Hotels OnQ system analyzes detailed data collected on active guests in all of its properties determine the preferences of each guest and each guest’s profitability. (LAUDON, LAUDON, 2009) Multiple Methodology Frameworks Earl methodology has been regarded as most influential methodologies for developing information systems strategies. According to this work, IT offers major new business opportunities by improving productivity and performance, developing new businesses and enabling companies to gain competitive advantage. The key ideological stance taken by Earl is based not on internal but external or outward looking activities so that business objectives can be met fully. Earl pioneered a multiple methodology with three approaches (top-down, bottom-up and inside-out) Top-down Top down is concerned with identifying and agreeing business objectives and the drivers of business value through interviews, debates, existing business strategy and policies. Critical success factors (CSFs) are then developed for areas where success is necessary for survival, and subsequently information systems that support/enable/deliver these CSFs need to found. Bottom-up Bottom-up is about exploring what currently exist in terms of hardware, software, IT and IS applications and determining their functions, and how they work and add value. This activity concerns itself with understanding what systems currently exist and in establishing what needs to exist in the light of company strategic needs. This activity also requires and understanding of any capacity limits or constraints of current systems, which might act as a barrier to future needs. Inside-Out Inside-out is about being innovative and finding novel ways of giving the business an advantage. Usually, this needs strategic thinking into state of the art knowledge of other sectors/companies and spotting potential technologies or application of technologies, which will be ground-breaking in the near future. Benchmarking techniques are sometimes useful to highlight where an organization is falling short or has the opportunity to outperform its competitors. Earl suggests that both top-down and bottom-up methods should be used for IT/IS strategic planning and alignment since this gives a comprehensive overview of the situation from all angles. Accordingly, the top-down methods should be used to clarify business strategies and needs as well as the potential contribution of IT application. This should result in the alignment of IT and IS investment with business needs. Bottom-up methods should be used to discover gaps and map where an enterprise is in IS terms of its IT applications and where it needs to develop to meet the business strategy. The result should be improved specialist-user relationships and knowledge of where IT is important for competitive functioning. The third part of the methodology is termed ‘inside-out’ and implies designing an organizational and technological environment, which enables innovations to happen, thus making it possible to gain competitive advantages from IT/IS. Flaws in Earl’s Methodologies While Earl’s model is still relevant it does have a number of flaws: There is an assumption that because senior management are thinking about the strategic use of IT and IS and their alignment that this view and stance is good for everyone (throughout the enterprise), which may or may not be the case. The model lacks the ability to chart or predict future technologies and their potential impact on the business. The model is based on a rational and economic-based manager (Whittington, 1993),   who traditionally make decisions by analysing all the facts rather than taking into account more social, cultural, politically charged agendas, which can be entitled ‘social’ reasons and ‘gut feeling’ to decisions-making. Finally, Earl’s model does not take into account group and individual interactions and how this social networking is important is determining how things happen in business life. Since the development of Earl’s methodology other frameworks have evolved. A number of them have integrated principles and issues highlighted by Earl but have been modified to address some of the weakness of the Earl’s model. (GRANT, HACKNEY, EDGAR, 2010) External Drivers that Influence IS Strategy The following are the external drivers that have potential impact while formulating Information strategy and need to be adequately take into accounts. Transformation of the business enterprise Emergence of the global economy Transformation of industrial economies Competition De-regulation Emerging technologies Changing nature of the customer Environmental and conservation issues The value of intellectual assets 1. Competition Adopting Information System brings fundamental improvement inside and outside operation of organization. The organization added value in its activities by involving the IS across its department. The IS allow firms to understand and make better their supply chain, lean management, and value chain and eliminate all those wastes that do not give any margin to the company. Some of example of adopting Information system is given below. 1.1)   YANSHA Leans on IS to Stay Competitive YANSHA is one of China’s biggest retailers. It sells upscale designer clothes from around the world along with other line merchandise. One of its largest retail stores occupies 215,000 square feet in Beijing’s famous YOUYI Shopping City. YANSHA has long experienced market leadership in china, but in recent years has felt increasing completion from international companies. YANSHA’S management team was aware that its methods of communication with suppliers-the placing and receiving of orders-were less than efficient. It was also aware of other inefficiencies in communication throughout the organization. For YANSHA TO maintain its leadership role in the market, it would need to cut the waste and become lean and mean in its application of information systems technology. YANSHA turned to IBM China Research Lab to evaluate its information systems and recommend the latest technologies to bring it up to date. IBM implemented a massive system upgrade across the entire enterprise: an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. The ERP allows YANSHA executives and managers to view real-time performance date, such as sales across all location, in certain regions, or in one particular store. Using this system, managers could, for example, determine the success of a particular marketing approach. The new ERP interfaces with a new supply chain management (SCM) system that provides close communication between YANSHA and its suppliers. These two systems working together, the ERP system and SCM system, allow organization. The new systems required a substantial investment of time and money for YANSHA, but the benefits have vastly overshadowed the costs. The new systems reduced the time it takes for suppliers to ship merchandise to YANSHA (order lead time) from 2.5 days to 4.5 hours. The order acknowledgment rate has increased from 80 percent to 99 percent. Order errors have been reduced from 9 percent to 1 percent. The money saved by YANSHA receiving the right merchandise at the right time has saved the company enough money to pay for its expensive new information systems within nine months of rolling them out. Achieving a return on investment (ROI) in such a short time is something any chief information officer (CIO) would be proud of. 2. Deregulation Deregulation can be defined as when Government cease to act as a controller over the industries and permit maximum liberty of the operation in market is called Deregulation. The use of IS in case of deregulation become vital because the connection with suppliers crossing the boundaries and new frontier develop which bring competitive edge to the firms. One of example in such situation is 2.1) 7-Eleven Japan Company In 1996 the Japanese Industries witnessed major deregulation in sales of stamps, postcards and revenue stamps and it is become possible at convenience stores. 7-Eleven Japan recorded sales figures equivalent to 9 billion yen in this area in 1996. Stamps and other products that customers frequently request contribute to increased store loyalty from customers even through the products themselves have low profit margins. In 1997 deregulation occurred in the travel industry. In 1998, the medical supplies and finance industries were deregulated and many other areas will also be affected. 7-Eleven Japan invested approximately 4 billion yen in the construction of large-sized refrigeration boxes for ice cream in 1994 and installed them in all of its chain stores. It is quite natural that ice cream sells well in summer time. However, 7-Eleven Japan recorded more than a two-fold increase in ice cream sales in comparison with the previous year. The refrigeration box was placed in the centre of the store where five gondolas used to be stationed. This was a drastic and innovative use of space as convenience stores have a limited space. Morinaga Milk industry Co. Ltd, Morinaga and Company Ltd, Snow Brand Milk Products Co, Ltd AKAGI NYUGYO, and HAGEN DAAS were the main suppliers. Until then, ice cream was mainly produced in the winter season and prepared for the concentration of sales in summer. However, manufacturers were unable to respond quickly to the change in the market. It was not possible to increase the production of popular ice cream because it would only build up inventory volume. Therefore, 7-Eleven Japan established a system to sell ice cream within 10 days after placing orders. The features of the system are as follows; On-line transmission of order information and inventory volume of the store directly to producers Manufacturers produce based on this information and store them in a storage facility especially prepared for 7-Eleven Japan The exact quantity required is delivered to the joint delivery centre for frozen products Form this centre, products are delivered to the stores In this way, 7-Eleven Japan has constructed a consistent production, distribution, and sales system for ice cream products. Thus, it became possible for the store to sell very fresh ice cream throughout the year. In addition, 7-Eleven Japan tied up with Morinaga Milk industry Co. Ltd Morinaga Company, ltd and AKAGI NYUGYOU for the development of new products and has developed new types of ice cream that satisfied customers’ needs. This is an excellent reflection of 7-Eleven Japan’s attitude towards â€Å"taste† and â€Å"freshness†, 7-Eleven Japan Attaches importance to the â€Å"un-learning effect†, something that breaks away from the existing concept. This is why it could carry out a very drastic innovation in order to sell â€Å"summer products during the winter season†. (ISHIKAWA, NEJO, 1998) 3. Changing nature of Customer The information system has been rigorously used to understand need and demand of customers in order to build stable relationship with them. A satisfied customer tends to remain a customer, and it is less costly to retain existing customers than to attract new ones. Therefore, the Information System helps to track down profiles of profitable customers to exceed revenue by continuously temping them. The process include compile the data of customers like Where the customers are located? What items are in demand? What is the revenue by customer and item in terms of an ABC ANALYSIS? What are the sales patterns and the sizes of orders? A sound database will enable organizations to manage costs, increase profits and make informed decisions about what to put on shelves. No manager ever has all the information needed to make a perfect decision, but having an adequate source of accurate information will improve the quality of decision. 3.1) KROGER COMPANY 3.2) BARNEYS NEW YORK Barneys New York, the upscale clothing store chain, reports a 10 percent increase in online revenue by using data mining software that finds links between online behaviour and greater propensity to buy. Barneys uses a system from proclivity systems to analyze data about when a customer visits its site and other demographic information to determine on whom it should focus its e-mail messages. For example, an email message announcing a sale might be send to those who had purchased certain products in the past but only when the items were on sale. This has not only increased sales but has increased customer goodwill by showing that Barneys understands its clientele’s interest. (GELINAS, DULL, 2010) 4. Emerging technologies The large supermarkets are extensively using information system to reduce their cost. They are acquiring sophisticated and state of the art technologies to evaluate the customer demand. The sensor machine on doors protect the shop to be stolen the goods. Also bar code or tag on the cloth helps organization to evaluate the demand of the product and link that technology with the Information system, which later send information to the supplier to replenish the particular stock in store. 4.1)   Sainsbury Since 1989, Sainsbury has implemented a high-tech information system that has halved the average time it takes to get a product from the supplier to the consumer. The impact has not only been on the Sainsbury organization, but also on other organizations within the retail food supply chain. According to Angus Clark, the Sainsbury director responsible for systems and distribution, bar-code scanning at the checkout counters has changed the whole supply-chain operation from a â€Å"push† system to a â€Å"pull† system. Historically, forecasts dictated what was pushed down the supply chain to each retail outlet. But scanning has allowed Sainsbury to capture demand data the instant a sale in made. Now, production and distribution can be calibrated to levels of real demand. (STAHL, GRIGSBY, 1997) 5. Transformation of Business Enterprise Organization structure refers to organizational subunits and the way they relate to the overall organization. An organization’s structure depends on its goals and approach to management, and can affect how it views and uses information systems. The types of organizational structures typically include traditional, project, team and virtual. Organizational structure can have a direct impact on the organization’s information system. 5.1)   World Bank World Bank is two financial institutions owned by 185 member countries. In recent years, the World Bank has suffered from front page scandal’s regarding suspected improprieties with its senior-level officials. In 2007, World Bank president Paul WOLLOWITZ was pressured to resign, and in 2005, vice president and CIO Mohammad Muhsin retired under a cloud of suspicion. However, while the press and the world were focused on corruption in the World Bank, some very positive developments were taking place with World Bank infrastructure and information systems that went relatively unnoticed. The World Bank has traditionally been run as a top-down hierarchy, which is a traditional organizational structure. In recent years, through the use of global information systems, the World Bank has transformed into a decentralized, front-line, matrix organization,† observes a recent article in Baseline magazine. Rather than controlling information systems from the top, the World Bank has been investing to empower its clients with the information systems they need locally to participate in the global economy. (STAIR, REYNOLDS, REYNOLDS, 2010) Bibliography Book References DAVID BODDY, ALBERT BOONSTRA, GRAHAM KENNEDY (2002), â€Å"MANAGING INFORMATION SYSTEM: STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATION†, 4TH ED PG 312-314: PEARSON EDUCATION LTD KENNETH C. LAUDON, JANE P. LAUDON (2009), â€Å"ESSENTIALS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS†, 8TH ED PG 6-22: PEARSON EDUCATION LTD KEVIN GRANT, RAY HACKNEY, DAVID EDGAR (2010), â€Å"STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT† 1ST ED PG 119: CENGAGE LEARNING EMEA AKIRA ISHIKAWA, TAI NEJO (1998), â€Å"THE SUCCESS OF 7-ELEVEN JAPAN: DISCOVERING THE SECRETS OF THE WORLD’S BEST CONVENIENCE CHAIN STORES† 1ST ED. PG 46-48: SEBEN-IREBUN DAKEGA NAZETSUYOI ULRIC J. GELINAS, RICHARD B. DULL (2010), â€Å"ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8e†: 1ST ED, PG 345-346, SOUTH-WESTERN CENGAGE LEARNING MICHAEL J. STAHL, DAVID W. GRIGSBY (1997), â€Å"STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: TOTAL QUALITY AND GLOBAL COMPETITION† 1ST ED, PG 243, BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS LTD RALPH M. STAIR, GEORGE REYNOLDS, GEORGE W. REYNOLDS (2010), â€Å"PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS†, 1ST ED, PG 48: CENGAGE LEARNING

Branches of government Essays (553 words) - Constitutional Law

Branches of government Essays (553 words) - Constitutional Law Branches of government The Constitution provides for a system of separation of powers, checks and balances so that the government would not have all its powers intensely focused in the hands of only a few officials or one branch of government to rule. The Separation of Powers was arranged by systematic planning and united efforts by the framers of the Constitution to provide a system of shared powers which we call Checks and Balances. There are three branches of government in the Constitution: the first branch is the Legislative branch; the second is the Executive Branch and the third is the Judicial Branch. The Legislative branch is made up of the House of Representative and the senate which together form the United States Congress. The powers to be in this branch are set up in Article I of the Constitution. They are to pass, change, repeal laws; raise or lower taxes; pay debts; borrow money; provide for the common defense, regulate commerce and immigration; and to declared war. The Executive branch is composed of the President, Vice President, cabinet members and departments and agencies. The president carries out federal laws and recommends new ones, directs national defense and foreign policy, and performs ceremonial duties. Including the powers to direct government, command the Armed Forces, deal with international powers, act as chief law enforcement officer, and vetoing laws. The Judicial branch is comprised of Supreme Court justices and federal judges. There powers are to interpreting the Constitution, reviewing laws, and deciding cases involving states' rights. No one branch is independent of one another. The checks and balance system created for each branch of government is to ensure one branch did not become more powerful than another branch. Each branch has powers it can use to check and balance the operations and powers of the other two branches. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. It also has checks on the Executive branch such as the override of presidential vetoes with a two-thirds vote. As well as the ability to remove the president through impeachment, approve treaties and other presidential appointments. The Legislative branch can create lower courts, remove judges through impeachment and approve appointed judges for the checks over the Judicial branch. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Therefore it as the ability to check the Executive branch by freeing the life time appointed judges from their control. Furthermore, through the power of judicial review courts can judge executive and legislative actions to be unconstitutional. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. For this purpose they can check the legislative branches veto power, ability to call special sessions of congress, appeal to the people concerning legislation and recommend legislation. Coupled with, the President?s ability to appoint Supreme Courts and other federal judges. The system was meant to keep the three branches in balance and has worked well over the course of America's history. American system of separation of powers checks and balances will forever be the foundation for many countries to strive to accomplish in the future. References: Kelly, Martin About.com American history (2012) http://americanhistory.about.com/od/usconstitution/a/checks_balances.htm Mount, Steve. "Constitutional Topic: Martial Law." USConstitution.net. 30 Nov 2001. usconstitution.net/consttop_mlaw.html (3 Dec 2001)