Description and Analysis of the Spoken Interaction Free Samples

Question: How to Description and Analysis of the Spoken Interaction? Answer: Introducation: This report involves a reflection on two instances of successful and less successful communication in an academic context. Both these instances took place as part of my second-year Communications degree on the subject of Academic English. One instance has been related to verbal communication and the other instance has also been related to spoken/verbal communication. The context of the first interaction The first instance involved a case of successful communication in week 4 of the course, reflecting on our academic writing process. The activity consisted of discussing the multiple choice questions provided in a group of four people, and answering them as part of a group discussion activity. Description and analysis of the spoken interaction Successful communication in an academic context is being able to produce coherent language, and being able to communicate effectively with others through the proper use of verbal and non-verbal cues. A successful communication in an academic context is an elaboration on the process of transmission and understanding of the intended message and in a successful communication in an academic context common perception is created and changing behaviours are observed in order to gain information. At the start of the discussion, one of my fellow students suggested to take turns around the table clockwise to answer the questions. We used eye contact to signal who would be talking next, and at the end of the discussion we all recapitulated each of our points. In the course of the discussion both verbal and non-verbal cues were explored and analysed and this provided us with the opportunity to continue with the discussion topic effectively. Hence, considering the presence of elements like turn taking, eye contact, etc it must be said that the discussion should be linked to Bygates (1987) framework of agenda management, turn taking and routines. This also links to the principle in academic communication as proposed by England (2017). It was the presence of the aforesaid communication elements which rendered the discussion success and eventually made the participants understand the need of amalgamating verbal and non-verbal cues in a communication process to make the same effective. The context of the second interaction The second instance involved a case of less successful communication in week 11 of the course. The communication took place in an academic context. This group activity consisted of sharing our experiences in terms of successes and challenges of academic speaking in different situations. Our group consisted of five members. Description and analysis of the spoken interaction Unsuccessful communication in an academic context is considered to be a process that has been affected by certain barriers. In an unsuccessful communication often the language becomes the primary barrier, making it quite difficult for the speaker and the audience to understand each others actual needs. Apart from language barrier there are several other barriers that need to be evaluated and wiped out in order to make a communication successful in an academic context. As discussion time started, a fellow student and myself synchronously started talking, which abruptly stopped the flow of the discussion. As we pick up our conversation again, another fellow student was unsure of what my answer meant, therefore asked, what do you mean? My incapability of explaining my experience made me feel vulnerable and useless. This feeling of fruitlessness should be related to Bygates framework of turn taking and negotiation. What I have realized as the cause of the communication failure in the given context was that, I was unable to keep my patience in terms of understanding the value of turn taking and in terms of negotiation. I should have given others the chance to discuss but I did not, and this hampered the entire discussion process. Moreover, as England (2017) has suggested, a fruitful communication process relies largely on effective interaction, and it was my failure to interact effectively which put me under distress and dissatisfaction. Moreover, what I have learned from the failure is that; I failed to interact and communicate properly primarily because I did fail to negotiate. As I failed to negotiate, I did fail to negotiate the meaning of the content I was supposed to convey. In this respect I must mention the principle that Bygate (1987) has highlighted. By negotiation of meaning, Bygate (1987) referred to the skill of communicating ideas clearly. This includes the way participants signal understanding during an exchange, and is an aspect of spoken interaction with contrasts most sharply with the position of the reader and writer of the written record. Even though the scenario was speaking-oriented, I did fail to communicate my ideas clearly to the other participants and that was the reason why I did fail to negotiate the meaning of my conversation. Hence, I must say that the incident was linked to Bygates (1987) framework of turn taking and negotiation of meaning and to the principles of academic communication as prescribed by England (2017). Suggestions for more successful communication Suggestions for better turn taking Write what would you actually say Signalling you want a turn, recognizing the others want a turn, or letting someone else have a turn. Use eye-contact Can I please say something here? I agree. I also do want to mention this Suggestions for better negotiation of meaning Procedures for ensuring understanding Other fellow student could have said Could I clarify something? / Can I check Ive understood you? Discipline-Specific Variation It is noteworthy that communication is also subject-oriented and in the academic context there are two aspects which determine the efficacy of a communication process, viz., the nature of the content of the communication process and the nature of the activities related to the communication process. The nature of the content, as England (2017) has suggested, deserves special mention in the context of successful and effective academic communication. What I have observed is that; in different academic subjects, depending on the contents of the subject the entire process of turn taking or negotiating either change continuously or sustain stagnancy. For an instance, in the context of English communication (including speaking and writing) the speaker or the writer has to consider the needs of the audience apart from analysing the content of the speech. But this might not be the case in respect of making students understand the real importance of the concept of sovereignty. In this respect it must be noted that the political concept of sovereignty demands understanding and not interaction, and that is one reason why the communication mode for conveying the importance of the concept of sovereignty should be different than the communication mode meant for enhancing students English communication skills. In terms of the nature of activities concerned with spoken interactions in different academic subjects what I have observed is that the related activities are determinant of whether or not a communication process is going to be successful. In this respect one must note that, In spoken interaction, speaker and listener do not merely have to be good processors of the spoken work, able to produce coherent language in the difficult circumstances of spoken communication. It is also useful if they are good communicators, that is, good at saying what they want to say in a way which the listener finds understandable (Bygate,1987). This proves the importance of activities in a particular communication process. Moreover, in terms of activities, it can be interesting to note that the activities that must be applied by a teacher in teaching the importance of sovereignty to the students should vary and differ from the activities that usually a teacher of communicative English embrace in respect o f teaching students effective ways of communicating. In this respect the concept of routine, as outlined and emphasized by Bygate (1987), comes to play a significant and crucial role. In terms of teaching political science or international relations a teacher might adhere to routines which can be defined as conventional ways of presenting information (Bygate,). But this might not be the case with a communicative English teacher who has to make the students understand that the context and mode of communication is both relative and situational. Hence, in terms of teaching communicative English it is not always possible to stick to routines. The nature of the content The nature of the activities The similarities I have observed in the spoken interaction in this subject compared with The differences I have observed in the spoken interaction in this subject compared with References England, N. 2017, 'Principles of academic communication', UTS Subject Academic English: Communication Fundamentals, Week 1 lecture notes, UTS, Sydney. Bygate, M. 1987, Speaking, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

The Lack Of Tolerance In Society Essay Example

The Lack Of Tolerance In Society Essay Lack of Tolerance The lack of tolerance in society is shown throughout history, from the Holocaust to the racial controversy of modern times. The archetypal titles that apply to Totalities in The Mists of Valor reveals Marion Simmer Barleys didactic purpose to communicate that tolerance is key in an Ideal society. Totalities believes It makes no difference what words [they] use to tell the same truths, the priests bigotry causes them to think and preach to others that The Devil gives [the Druids] [their] knowledge (261 , 279). Conforming to the Innate Wisdom archetype, Tailspins tolerance for Christianity sharply contrasts with the narrow- mindedness of the Christian priests. The tolerance for pagans wanes as the Marlins mental condition deteriorates, and In this Bradley demonstrates to the audience what an Imperative role tolerance plays In the maintenance of society. Another archetype that Tallness embodies Is the Mentor. Telltales dedication to the belief that It Is Gods will that all men should strive for wisdom In themselves, not look to It from some other Is an optimal premise for Urethras rule, and by portraying the Merlin as Urethras mentor and possible role model, Bradley indicates that rulers should be influenced by those who are tolerant of others rather than people who are blindly prejudiced against others (260). One of the greatest leaders of our country, Thomas Jefferson, once said It does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are 20 gods, or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg. This principle of religious tolerance (or tolerance of any sort) is glorified by Marion Simmer Bradley as an essential component of society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lack Of Tolerance In Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lack Of Tolerance In Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lack Of Tolerance In Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Example

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay I have taken for my survey one chapter from the book Marx and human nature by Norman Geras. In the 2nd chapter Norman Geras trades with the human nature and historical philistinism. Although many Marxists denied Marx’s theory of human nature that there was a human nature to be found in Marx’s words. there is in fact a Marxist construct of human nature which remains. to some grade. changeless throughout history and across societal boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the rudimentss for this reading of Marx harmonizing to which there was no ageless human nature to be found in his plants. Feuerbach resolves the kernel of faith into the kernel of adult male human nature. But the kernel of adult male is no abstraction inherent in each individual person. In world. it is the ensemble of the societal dealingss. Feuerbach. who does non come in upon a unfavorable judgment of this existent kernel. is therefore obliged: Human nature Thus. Marx appears to state that human nature is no more than what is made by the societal dealingss. Norman Geras’ Marx’s Theory of Human Nature. nevertheless. offers an highly elaborate statement against this place. In lineation. Geras shows that. while the societal dealingss are held to find the nature of people. they are non the lone such determiner. In fact. Marx makes statements where he specifically refers to a human nature which is more than what is conditioned by the fortunes of one’s life. In Capital. in a footer reviewing utilitarianism. he says that utilitarian’s must think with human nature in general. and so with human nature as modified in each historical era. Marx is reasoning against an abstract construct of human nature. offering alternatively an history rooted in sensuous life. We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Human Nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While he is rather expressed that persons express their life. so they are. Hence what persons are depends on the material conditions of their production. he besides believes that human nature will condition ( against the background of the productive forces and dealingss of production ) the manner in which persons express their life. History involves a uninterrupted transmutation of human nature. though this does non intend that every facet of human nature is entirely variable ; what is transformed need non be entirely transformed. Marx did knock the inclination to transform into ageless Torahs of nature and of ground. the societal signifiers jumping from your present manner of production and signifier of belongings. a procedure sometimes called hypostatization. For this ground. he would probably hold wanted to knock certain facets of some histories of human nature. Human existences jointly work on nature but do non make the same work ; there is a division of labour in which people non merely do different occupations. but harmonizing to Marxist theory. some people live from the work of others by having the agency of production. How this is complete depends on the type of society. Production is carried out through really definite dealingss between people. And. in bend. these production dealingss are determined by the degree and character of the productive forces that are present at any given clip in history. For Marx. productive forces refer to the agencies of production such as the tools. instruments. engineering. land. natural stuffs. and human cognition and abilities in footings of utilizing these agencies of production. Human nature. Marx’s ethical idea and disaffection Gears says of Marx’s work that: Whatever else it is. theory and socio-historical account. and scientific as it may be. that work is a moral indictment resting on the construct of indispensable human demands. an ethical point of view. in other words. in which a position of human nature is involved. Alienation. for Marx. is the alienation of worlds from facets of their human nature. Since – as we have seen – human nature consists in a peculiar set of critical thrusts and inclinations. whose exercising constitutes booming ; disaffection is a status wherein these thrusts and inclinations are stunted. For indispensable powers. disaffection substitutes disempowerment for doing one’s ain life one’s object. one’s life going an object of capital. Marx believes that disaffection will be a characteristic of all society before communism. The antonym of. disaffection is actualization or self-activity- the activity of the ego. controlled by and for the ego. Human nature and the enlargement of the productive forces It has been held by several authors that it is Marx’s construct of human nature which explains the primacy thesis’ refering the enlargement of the productive forces. which harmonizing to Marx. is itself the cardinal drive force of history. If true. this would do his history of human nature possibly the most cardinal facet of his work. Geras writes. historical philistinism itself. this whole typical attack to society that originates with Marx. rests forthrightly upon the thought of a human nature. It highlights that specific link of cosmopolitan demands and capacities which explains the human productive procedure and man’s organized transmutation of the stuff environment ; which procedure and transmutation it treats in bend as the footing both of the societal order and of historical alteration. The tendency’s liberty is merely its independency of societal construction. its rootedness in cardinal stuff facts of human nature and the human state of affairs. Historical advancement consists basically in the growing of people’s abilities to determine and command the universe about them. This is the most basic manner in which they develop and express their human kernel. Historical philistinism Historical philistinism started from a cardinal implicit in world of human being: that in order for human existences to last and go on being from coevals to coevals. it is necessary for them to bring forth and reproduce the stuff demands of life. Marx so extended this premiss by asseverating the importance of the fact that. in order to transport out production and exchange. people have to come in into really definite societal dealingss. most basically production dealingss. Norman Geras analyzed historical philistinism and postulated that society has moved through a figure of types or manners of production. That is. the character of the production dealingss is determined by the character of the productive forces ; these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human being. or the more developed machinery and engineering of present age. The chief manners of production Marx identified by and large include crude communism or tribal society ( a prehistoric phase ) . ancient society. feudal system. and capitalist economy. In each of these societal phases. people interact with nature and bring forth their life in different ways. Any excess from that production is allotted in different ways. Ancient society was based on a governing category of slave proprietors and a category of slaves ; feudal system was based on landholders and helot ; and capitalist economy based on the capitalist category and the on the job category. The capitalist category in private owns the agency of production. distribution and exchange ( e. g. . mills. mines. stores and Bankss ) while the on the job category unrecorded by interchanging their socialized labour with the apitalist category for rewards. Marx identified the production dealingss of society ( originating on the footing of given productive forces ) as the economic base of society. He besides explained that on the foundation of the economic base their arise certain political establishments. Torahs. imposts. civilization. etc. . and thoughts. ways of thought. morality. etc. These constituted the political/ideological superstructure of society. This superstructure non merely has its beginning in the economic base. but its characteristics besides finally correspond to the character and development of that economic base. i. . the manner people organize society is determined by the economic base and the dealingss that arise from its manner of production. Historical philistinism can be seen to rest on the undermentioned rules: 1. The footing of human society is how humans work on nature to bring forth the agencies of subsistence. 2. There is a division of labour into societal categories ( dealingss of production ) based on belongings ownership where some people live from the labour of others. 3. The system of category division is dependent on the manner of production. 4. The manner of production is based on the degree of the productive forces. 5. Society moves from phase to present when the dominant category is replaced by a new emerging category. by subverting the political shell that enforces the old dealingss of production no longer matching to the new productive forces. This takes topographic point in the superstructure of society. the political sphere in the signifier of revolution. whereby the lower class liberates the productive forces with new dealingss of production. and societal dealingss. matching to it. Human nature and historical philistinism Marx’s theory of history efforts to depict the manner in which worlds change their environments and ( in dialectical relation ) their environments alter them every bit good. That is Not merely do the nonsubjective conditions change in the act of reproduction. e. g. the small town becomes a town. the wilderness a cleared field etc. but the manufacturers change. excessively. in that they bring out new qualities in themselves. develop themselves in production. transform themselves. develop new powers and thoughts. new demands and new linguistic communication. The first premiss of all human history is. of class. the being of life human persons. Thus the first fact to be established is the physical organisation of these persons and their attendant relation to the remainder of nature. Therefore History does nil. it possesses no huge wealth. and it wages no conflicts. It is adult male. existent. populating adult male who does all that. who possesses and battles ; history is non. as it were. a individual apart. utilizing adult male as a agency to accomplish its ain purposes ; history is nil but the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes. So we can see that. even before we begin to see the precise character of human nature. existent. life worlds. and the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes is the really building block of Marx’s theory of history. Humans act upon the universe. altering it and themselves ; and in making so they make history. But even beyond this. human nature plays two cardinal functions. In the first topographic point. it is portion of the account for the growing of the productive forces. which Marx conceives of as the driving force of history. Second. the peculiar demands and thrusts of worlds explain the category hostility which is generated under capitalist economy. Decision and critical comments Here I would wish to state that Marxist philosophical anthropology is one sided. Its construct of human nature and human good overlooks the demand for ego individuality than which nil is more basically human. The effect of this is held to be that Marx and his followings have underestimated the importance of phenomena. such as faith and patriotism. which satisfy the demand for self individuality. In the survey of human nature and historical philistinism. history is what is made by human existences and its nature. Harmonizing to Marx human existences are working and altering the universe. Marx ignored all other factors that at work in the development of history. History has been developed non merely by human existences but besides through assorted elements. Historical philistinism is caused by the production of things and at that place by originating societal relationships. Here it implies that economic system is the basic construction of society that controls and develops. But it is a reductionist attack. it is impossible to cut down the basic construction as economic dealingss entirely.

Frankinstein essays

Frankinstein essays At a first glance, readers can make an immediate connection between Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and the following three stories: the Prometheus myth, Paradise Lost, and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Shelley used allusions to these three stories in Frankenstein to help clarify many vital ideas of the work. An allusion is an implied or indirect reference that is especially used in literature. Shelleys characterization in the novel Frankenstein is effective because she uses allusion in the Prometheus myth, Paradise Lost, and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Victor Frankenstein and Prometheus are similar because they share an obsession for creating life. In order to illustrate this similarity, Shelley uses The Modern Prometheus (subtitle), which compares the two characters and their creations. Frankensteins creation was made out of dead human body parts, and was called The Creature. Likewise, Prometheus created human life out of clay. Both Victor and Prometheus are eventually punished as a result of their creations. Victors monster is violent and kills people, and Zeus ties Prometheus to a rock, where vultures eat his liver. The Ancient Mariner and Robert Walton are alike because they both ventured on a sea journey where they encountered bad luck. On the Ancient Mariners journey, he killed an albatross, which is a sign of bad luck. His crew made a necklace out of the albatross in which he wore for the rest of the trip. Bad luck also came during Robert Waltons journey, when he and his crew encountered dreadful weather. The crew insisted on turning around and heading back home; however, Walton wanted to continue the trip. Mary Shelley compares Walton to the Ancient Mariner when she said I am going to unexplored regions, to the land of mist and snow, but I shall kill no albatross; therefore d ...

Classic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classic - Essay Example In music there are many degrees of classic works. While the most recognizable are those works by Beethoven and Mozart, most people would agree that the music of the Beatles or the Rolling Stones is classic as well. I believe in the future people will look back and recognize Michael Jackson’s work as classic, as well as Madonna, Bruce Springstein, and even Dr. Dre or Jay Z. I believe these musicians might be slightly derided in the current critical climate as they are in a sense too modern and popular to be acknowledged by critics. Defining what is truly classic is a very difficult concept. While Mark Twain defined the term as, â€Å"Something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read,† it seems that there is much more to the term. First, it’s important to distinguish between what is classic, and classical music. Classical music refers to a genre of music and is different from the term that defines ‘classic’ on other sense of culture. It seems that Classical music is both classic in any sense of the word, but also historic and exemplary. One might also argue that it is possible for Classical music to be bad, as long as it is written in the classical style; however, by its very nature a classic is not ‘bad’ in the critical sense. It seems that what is deemed a classic is genre defining or style breaking. In this sense, it is often difficult to determine if something is a classic upon its release as it requires time to determine how the film or music or ar t will hold up and how many other artists it will influence. It’s quite possible that a number of things that have been made over the last century with immediate appeal didn’t withstand time as they lacked eternal qualities that make a work truly classic. This idea is true of all elements of art and culture, including music and literature. Things that are considered classic are Beethoven’s 9th Symphony. It is both moving and powerful, as

History and Developyment of Religion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History and Developyment of Religion - Term Paper Example Religion can be separated into three fundamental groups: polytheistic, pantheistic, and monotheistic. Polytheism is a belief in many gods and came out of Hinduism, which began in roughly 2,500 BC. Also, it was the religion of other kingdoms such as the Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans (â€Å"Origin†). Polytheists believed that the gods were responsible for natural occurrences such as rainfall, harvests, and fertility. Typically, polytheistic cultures believed in sacrifices in order to placate their gods. On the other hand, pantheism is the belief that god is in everything. Pantheistic religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism believe that god is part of nature (â€Å"Origin†). The main principle to this belief is that humans are no different from animals, and we must live in harmony with them. The most famous pantheist was the Buddha, Siddharta Gautama, who founded Buddhism in 543 BC.

Vp 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vp 2 - Essay Example The Tea Ceremony is a ritualized Japanese cultural contribution that involves taking tea in a specific space with prearranged procedures. Supposed to have started in the 16th century, the tea ceremony was a wealthy affair sought to unite rulers, warriors, and merchants. It was a social function for the rich that provided them a forum to discuss weighty issues (Cooper and McLean 1). They used natural forms of utensils, especially from China and Korea, countries revered for their culture. To an extent, the value of these objects and utensils was synonymous to that of treasures. The Japanese have a liking for such imperfect objects (natural form), which is a characteristic of their culture. Most of them were unglazed objects made in kilns that may seem to have no value at first sight. Their value has remained over the years to present where the utensils/objects re still seen as valuable. The preparation and drinking powdered green tea (matcha) is a delicate procedure that involves years of training. It involves detailed choreography that a layperson cannot easily master. The interaction in a tearoom not only involves the host and the guests, but also the utensils (Cooper and McLean 5). The guests witness the tea preparation and each step must be done specifically. Surprisingly, there is no repetition of the process in any other subsequent ceremony; the choreography only applies to a singular tea gathering. In addition, there is tea etiquette pertaining to the drinking of the tea, and the usage of the utensils. The utensils have both a practical value and an aesthetic value that the Japanese tradition appreciates. During a ceremony, there are several objects and utensils, but only a few serve in the occasion. The Tea Ceremony resulted in the creation of several other forms of objects that are enshrined in Japanese traditions. The relevance and significance of the ceremony lie in the need for purification and the connection with nature. Although